Last updated on 28 December, 2020, 6:45 am PST, John Hopkins Corona Virus Dashboard and Worldometer

Cases Worldwide

                    John Hopkins                                                       Worldometer

• TOTAL CASES      -  80,728,170                       TOTAL CASES         -   81,238,929

             Recovered       -  45,647,983                          Recovered           -   57,399,235

• TOTAL DEATHS    -   1,763,715                       TOTAL DEATHS      -     1,774,083

Cases in the U.S.

POPULATION  -  is 331,002,651 as of 8 November, 2020, based on Worldometer  latest United Nations data.

• TOTAL CASES      -   19,111,443**                  TOTAL CASES         -     19,575,248

             Recovered        -                                            Recovered           -     11,496,902

• TOTAL DEATHS    -        333,069                     TOTAL DEATHS       -         341,149
• Unemployed - The current U.S. unemployment rate is 6.9% for October 2020, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). This comes after the pace of the U.S. labor market recovery slowed in September with unemployment at 7.9%. 

Cases in California

• TOTAL CASES       -      2,120,610                    TOTAL CASES        -      2,147,478

              Recovered        -                                            Recovered          -        840,392

• TOTAL DEATHS   -           24,218                      TOTAL DEATHS      -         24,241
• Unemployed       -  California employers added 145,500 non-farm payroll jobs last month, dropping the state’s unemployment rate by almost two percentage points to 9.3% compared with September.

12/28/2020           Cases (WHO)                    Deaths (WHO)               Recovered (WHO)

• Texas            -   1,696,714                             27,187                           1,371,273
• Florida**       -    1,271,979                            21,213                              721,869
• New York       -      961,869                            37,349                              471,865
• Illinois           -      937,909                            17,336                              650,404
• Ohio              -      670,525                              8,511                             517,057
• Georgia**     -       632,299                            10,689                             340,076
• Tennessee     -      564,080                              6,512                             480,227
• N. Carolina** -     516,828                              6,549                             403,488
• Arizona **     -     494,337                              8,427                               72,703
• Wisconsin**  -     470,818                              4,692                              324,634

*correction

          **reporting information is limited, reduced testing and increased cases

DECEMBER BLOG

CORONA VIRUS UPDATE

Federal officials have authorized emergency use of the COVID-19 vaccine produced by Pfizer and BioNTech in a landmark decision that promises to alter the fight against the coronavirus radically in the United States.

TODAY’S  HEADLINES.

• L.A. County Coronavirus Update: Public Health Director Confirms 3,143 New Cases; Explains Dangers Of Holiday Season: “Dead People Don’t Get A Second Chance” by Alexandra Del Rosario
• NBC Sports Washington, Report: Mark Andrews and Matthew Judon, Baltimore Ravens,  test positive for coronavirus by Ryan Homler, Sun, November 29, 2020, 6:24 AM PST·
• New York Cases Spike; Minnesota Deaths Hit Record: Virus Update, Bloomberg News
• US records more than 4M coronavirus cases in November, by Callie Patteson, Associate Breaking News Editor, Washington Post, November 29, 2020 12:08 PM

It didn’t have to happen!!!  How did we get here????  Remember………

The United States was alerted regarding the “virus” identified in China in December 2019, with the first U.S. case identified in January, 2020, in the Washington state area.  Instead of utilizing the pandemic playbook left by the Obama administration, Trump declared the virus a hoax, a democratic attempt to discredit his presidency, etc.  Where would we be if the document had been utilized!

Ronald Klain, the White House Ebola response coordinator, October 2014 to February 2015, tweeted out a link to a document titled “Playbook for Early Response to High-Consequence Emerging Infectious Disease Threats and Biological Incidents.”  The document, a 69-page National Security Council guidebook developed in 2016, with the goal of assisting leaders “in coordinating a complex U.S. Government response to a high-consequence emerging disease threat anywhere in the world.”  It outlined questions to ask, who should be asked to get the answers and what key decisions should be made.

The playbook lists types of infectious disease threats that could emerge.  “Novel coronaviruses” were among pathogens flagged as having potential to cause heightened concern.  Lurie said that “there were tabletop exercises, which included planning for a pandemic-like situation, during the transition between the Obama and Trump administrations.  The Trump administration also conducted an exercise known as “Crimson Contagion,” in 2019!  So what happened that the Trump administration ignored the information and advice???  Lets review the first trimester of 2020.

CORONA VIRUS / COVID 19 TIMELINE

December

•    8 - A patient in the city of Wuhan, China sought medical help for pneumonia-like

      symptoms of unknown etiology.”

January

•   3 - China officially notifies the WHO of an outbreak.
•   7 - The outbreak is identified as a new coronavirus
• 21 - United States confirms its first case in Washington State, a man who traveled to the

        Wuhan area.

• 24 - The United States confirms its second case, a woman in her sixties in Chicago.
• 25 - United States confirms its third case, a man in his fifties in Orange County,

        California. 

• 30 - WHO declared the outbreak a global public health emergency as more than 9,000

        cases were reported worldwide, including in 18 countries beyond China.

February

•   5 -  The Diamond Princess cruise ship was quarantined in Yokohama with 3,700

        people, including passengers and crew, onboard.

•          CDC announces several planes carrying passengers from Wuhan, China, will arrive i            in California, Texas, and Nebraska.
•   7 - 1st official Covid report
• Total Countries With Confirmed Cases: 25
• Total Cases Confirmed Globally: 31,484
• Total Deaths Worldwide: 638
• Deaths Outside of China: 2
•          The United States pledges $100 million USD to assist China and other countries fight            the coronavirus.
• 10 - The Trump administration releases a budget proposal for FY21 that would sharply

        cut funding for WHO and global health funding.

• 11 - WHO names the disease COVID-19, short for “coronavirus disease 2019.
• 13 - U.S. CDC Director says the coronavirus will likely become a community virus

        and remain beyond this season.

• 25 - The CDC warns that spread to the United States is likely and to prepare.
• Late February - a widely publicized genomic analysis suggested that SARS-CoV-2 had

        been silently spreading in Washington State.  Analysis traced the outbreak origin to

        a traveler designated WA1, after his arrival from China on 15 January.  

March

•   1 - Florida declares a state of emergency over coronavirus.
•   4 - California declares state of emergency over coronavirus.
• House passes $8.3 billion emergency coronavirus bill.
•   6 - CDC urges those over 60 to stay indoors
• Total Countries With Confirmed Cases: 90
• Total Cases Confirmed Globally: 100,481
• Total Deaths Worldwide: 3,408
• Deaths Outside of China: 366
•   7 - New York declares a state of emergency.
• 10 - Coronavirus is reported in all 26 European Union member states
• 11 - WHO, deeply concerned by the alarming levels of spread and severity and the

        level of inaction made the assessment that COVID-19 be characterized a pandemic.

•         United States announces level 3 travel advisory and suspended entry to all foreign              nationals traveling from China, Iran, and certain European countries at any point                during the 14 days prior to their scheduled travel to the U.S.
• 13 - House reaches deal to pass Families First Coronavirus Response Act
• 15 - 29 States announce school closures. 
•          The number of confirmed cases in the U.S. surpassed 3,000, with New York, 

 California and Washington recording the most confirmed cases. The national death

  toll rose to 61.

• 16 - CDC reports over 4,000 coronavirus cases in the United States.
• 19 - California issues a stay-at-home order for all of its 40 million residents.
• 22 - Global coronavirus cases double from last week, reaching almost 330,000 cases.

-  A vote to advance a massive coronavirus stimulus bill failed in the Senate.  

     -  United States reaches 50,000 coronavirus cases. 

• 25 – Nearly one third of the world’s population is affected by coronavirus lockdowns.
•         The WHO warned the U.S. could become the global epicenter of the coronavirus\

  Pandemic with 54,810 recorded coronavirus cases, including 781 deaths.

• 26 - United States death toll reaches one thousand.  
•         New York City becomes the epicenter of the US outbreak. Reported coronavirus

 cases double every three days. 

• 29 - The United States passes 140,000 coronavirus cases—more than any other country

        in the world. 

We were warned, but chose to ignore the severity!

We are preparing to enter the influenza season and there has been documentation of patients exhibiting both influenza and covid like symptoms.  The United States reported over 4 million cases of COVID-19 during the month of November alone.

As of today, December 1st, there have been 13,546,787 cases, 268,103 deaths and only 5,145,319 that have recovered from the pandemic.  The United States, the most developed country, has 21 percent of the covid cases!

• United States: 21.71 %, 13,546,787 cases
• India: 14.99 %, 9,430,724 cases
• Brazil: 10.01 %, 6,295,695 cases
• Russia: 3.61 %, 2,269,316 cases
• France: 3.51 %, 2,208,699 cases
• Spain: 2.62 %, 1,646,192 cases
• United Kingdom: 2.57 %, 1,617,327 cases
• Italy: 2.52 %, 1,585,178 cases

Source: Worldometer - 

The U.S. recorded its highest daily death toll since May on Tuesday, November 24th and experts warned that good vaccine news doesn't mean Americans should let down their guard down over the holidays.  Several state restrictions go into effect Wednesday just hours before the Thanksgiving holiday, including a ban on alcohol sales at restaurants and bars in Pennsylvania, starting at 5 p.m. Wednesday until 8 a.m. Thursday in an effort to prevent social gatherings.

The New York Times reported a milestone of more than 170,000 people testing positive for the coronavirus on an average day, just after the country celebrated Thanksgiving and thousands participating in Black Friday shopping.

Politicians across the country asked “people to refrain from congregating during the holiday season” as the number of coronavirus cases worldwide hit 60 million last week.  Several politicians drew scrutiny for making those requests then simultaneously disregarding them, including the mayor of Denver, who told residents to avoid travel and then took a flight to Texas to see family.   

Wyoming Gov. Mark Gordon tested positive for COVID-19, with minor symptoms and plans to continue working remotely.  The governor's office was closed Tuesday for a deep cleaning after another office employee tested positive for the virus.  Two weeks ago, Gordon said Wyoming residents “needed to be more responsible about preventing the spread of COVID-19,” complaining some people were being "knuckleheads."

Denver Mayor Michael Hancock apologized for flying to visit family members in Mississippi while tweeting advice to city residents, “asking them to avoid traveling.”  Hancock said his family canceled plans for a large gathering and instead he visited his wife and daughter, staying in Mississippi.  Hancock said he believed traveling alone was a lower risk than having both of them return home for the holiday.  One consistency with this administration:   misinformation, disinformation and “talking out their neck!”  What is that mantra….”do as I say, not as I do!!!”

COVID-19 infections in children less severe.  While children are susceptible to COVID-19 and cases are rising with cooler temperatures driving us indoors, a relatively low percentage of infants, toddlers, and young children have been infected.  The majority of children infected had, mild to moderate symptoms, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).  Reports of rare clusters of COVID-19-exposed children and adolescents admitted to intensive care units with acute multisystem inflammatory conditions have researchers working overtime to collect more data and fully understand causality.

There are cases of babies and children being infected, including a report of an infected newborn born to a mother who was sick with COVID-19.   Health officials and scientists are still learning about the disease, so it's still possible they'll discover evidence of greater effects on children.  As of November 12, 2020, the AAP reported:

• that children under 18 account for 11.5% of COVID-19 cases and
•  less than 0.21% of COVID-19-related deaths.

An AAP study of over 2,000 pediatric patients showed nearly 90% of children were asymptomatic, mild or moderate.  The study also showed the percentage of infants with serious symptoms to be higher than that of older children.  The fact remains, those most at risk of serious infection from the coronavirus appear to be the middle-aged and elderly.

Vaccine Update - Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker

By Carl Zimmer, Jonathan Corum and Sui-Lee Wee, Updated November 27, 2020

       PHASE 1               PHASE 2               PHASE 3             LIMITED                APPROVED

          38                         17                          13                        6                              0

       Vaccines                Vaccines                 Vaccines                Vaccines                 Vaccines

   testing safety         in expanded          in large scale     approved for early            approved

     and dosage           safety trials           efficacy tests        or limited use                full use

The Vaccine Testing Process

• PRECLINICAL TESTING: Scientists test a new vaccine on cells and then to animals, such as mice or  monkeys, to see if it produces an immune response.
• PHASE 1 SAFETY TRIALS: Scientists give the vaccine to a small number of people to test safety and dosage and to confirm it stimulates the immune system.
• PHASE 2 EXPANDED TRIALS:  Scientists give the vaccine to hundreds of people split into groups, such as children and the elderly, to see if the vaccine acts differently in them. These trials further test the vaccine’s safety and ability to stimulate the immune system.
• PHASE 3 EFFICACY TRIALS: Scientists give the vaccine to thousands of people, wait to see how many become infected, compared with volunteers who received a placebo. These trials can determine if the vaccine protects against the coronavirus.  The F.D.A. advised vaccine makers that they would want to see evidence that vaccines can protect at least 50% of those who receive it in June.  In addition, Phase 3 trials reveal evidence of side effects that might be missed in earlier studies.
• EARLY OR LIMITED APPROVAL: China and Russia have approved vaccines without waiting for the results of Phase 3 trials.  Experts warn the rushed process has serious risks.
• APPROVAL: Regulators in each country review the trial results and decide whether to approve the vaccine or not.  During a pandemic, a vaccine may receive emergency use authorization before getting formal approval. Once licensed, researchers continue to monitor people who receive the vaccine to make sure it’s safe and effective.
• COMBINED PHASES:  To accelerate vaccine development scientists have combined phases.  Some coronavirus vaccines are now in Phase 1/2 trials. 
• Example, in which they are tested for the first time on hundreds of people.  (Note:  our tracker counts a combined Phase 1/2 trial as both Phase 1 and Phase 2.)
• PAUSED:  If investigators observe worrying symptoms in volunteers, the trial can be put on pause, until an investigation where the trial may resume or be abandoned.

Vaccines typically require years of research and testing before reaching the clinic, but scientists are racing to produce a safe and effective coronavirus vaccine by next year. Researchers are testing 55 vaccines in clinical trials on humans, and at least 87 preclinical vaccines are under active investigation in animals.  The first vaccine safety trials in humans started in March and now 13 have reached the final stages of testing.   

Here is the status of companies whose vaccines have reached Phase 2, Phase 3 and Combined trials:

Phase 3

• Moderna develops vaccines based on messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce viral proteins in the body.  The vaccine contains genetic instructions for building a coronavirus protein or a spike.  When the vaccine is injected into cells, it causes them to make spike proteins that get released into the body provoking an immune system response.  In March, the scientists were the first to put a Covid-19 vaccine into human trials.  After those studies yielded promising results, Phase 3 testing began July 27 on 30,000 volunteers. 
  
  Nov. 16, Moderna in partnership with National Institutes of Health (NIH), announced a preliminary analysis of the trial indicated that the vaccine was 94.5% effective.   Preparation of the vaccine is based on mRNA, which falls apart unless kept in a deep freeze or chilled to minus 70 degrees Celsius (minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit) until injected!  In addition, it requires two doses which will add an extra layer of complexity to the vaccine’s distribution, dividing in half the available dosages.

The United States government bankrolled Moderna’s efforts, providing nearly $1 billion in support, then an additional $1.5 billion in exchange for 100 million doses if the vaccine proves safe and effective.  Nov. 25, the company reached an agreement with the European Commission to supply up to 160 million doses and made similar deals with Canada, Japan, and Qatar.

• Johnson and Johnson.  A decade ago, researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston developed a method for making vaccines out of a virus, Adenovirus 26 or Ad26.  Johnson & Johnson developed vaccines for Ebola and other diseases with Ad26 and now for the coronavirus.

Johnson & Johnson began Phase 1 - 2 trials in July and a Phase 3 trial with 60,000 participants in September.  Unlike other Phase 3 trials, Johnson & Johnson administered just a single dose instead of two. In March they received $456 million from the United States government to support the move towards production.  The vaccine has provided protection in experiments on monkeys. 

In August, the federal government agreed to pay $1 billion for 100 million doses if the vaccine is approved.  The European Union reached a similar deal on Oct. 8 for 200 million doses.  The company is aiming for production of at least a billion doses in 2021.
Oct. 12, Johnson & Johnson announced the trial was put on pause to investigate an adverse reaction in a volunteer.   The trial resumed eleven days later and despite the delay, the company expects results by the end of the year.  Nov. 16, Johnson & Johnson announced they were launching a second Phase 3 trial to observe the effects of two doses of their vaccine, instead of just one.

• NOVAVAX.  A Maryland-based company makes vaccines by sticking proteins onto microscopic particles.  Their flu vaccine finished Phase 3 trials in March and launched trials for a Covid-19 vaccine in May.   July, the U.S. government awarded $1.6 billion to support the vaccine’s clinical trials and manufacturing and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations has invested $384 million in the vaccine.  

After promising results in monkeys and humans, Novavax launched a Phase 2 trial in South Africa in August.  The blinded, placebo-controlled trial on 2,900 people will measure the safety of the vaccine and its efficacy.  In September, Novavax launched a Phase 3 trial of 15,000 volunteers in the United Kingdom and could possibly deliver results by the start of 2021.  A larger Phase 3 trial is in development to launch in the United States by the end of November. 

Novavax reached an agreement with the Serum Institute of India which would enable them to produce 2 billion doses a year.  If the trials succeed, Novavax expects to deliver 100 million doses for use in the United States by the first quarter of 2021.

Phase 2 - Phase 3, Combined Phases

• PFIZER, BIONTECH, FOSUN PHARMA.  Nov. 9, New York-based Pfizer and German BioNTech, made history by presenting preliminary data indicating their coronavirus vaccine was over 90% effective.  Pfizer and BioNTech then launched a Phase 1 - 2 trial on two versions of an mRNA vaccine.  They found both versions caused volunteers to produce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, as well as immune cells, T cells that respond to the virus. 

One version, BNT162b2, produced significantly fewer side effects, such as fevers and fatigue and was chosen to move into Phase 2 - 3 trials July 27, with 30,000 volunteers in the United States, Argentina, Brazil and Germany.  In September the trial was expanded to 43,000, followed by permission to start testing on children as young as 12.  Pfizer and BioNTech concluded that the vaccine is 95% effective, with 94% effectiveness among people over 65.

Preparation of the vaccine is based on mRNA, which falls apart unless kept in a deep freeze or chilled to minus 70 degrees Celsius (minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit) until injected!  In addition, it requires two doses which will add an extra layer of complexity to the vaccine’s distribution, dividing in half the available dosages.

President Trump touted their progress, hinting a vaccine would be available before the election then later Dr. Bourla announced volunteers in the trial had yet to experience enough cases of Covid-19 to determine if the vaccines work.  July, the Trump administration awarded a $1.9 billion contract for 100 million doses to be delivered by December and the option to acquire 500 million additional doses.  Japan made a deal for 120 million doses and the European Union arranged to purchase 200 million doses.  If the vaccine is authorized, Pfizer and BioNTech expect to manufacture over 1.3 billion doses of their vaccine worldwide by the end of 2021. 

• ASTRA ZENECA AND THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.  The British-Swedish company AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford developed a vaccine based on a chimpanzee adenovirus.  Nov. 23, they announced a preliminary analysis of their Phase 3 trial revealed the vaccine was up to 90% effective, depending on the dosage. Uncertainty over the results have clouded its prospects.

Oxford researchers began by testing the vaccine, ChAdOx1, on monkeys, finding it protected the animals from the disease.  In a Phase 1 - 2 trial, the developers did not detect any severe side effects, but noticed it raised antibodies against the coronavirus as well as other immune defenses.  The vaccine began Phase 2 - 3 trials in the United Kingdom and India, known as Covishield, and launched Phase 3 trials in Brazil, South Africa and the United States.

Sept. 6, AstraZeneca halted global trials of the vaccine to investigate one volunteer, who developed a form of inflammation, transverse myelitis.  Trials resumed within a week, in all countries except the United States.   Oct. 23, the F.D.A. authorized the restart of the U.S. trial.

Nov. 19, researchers published the first findings from the Phase 2 - 3 trials in the United Kingdom, looking specifically at how people at different ages responded to the vaccine and didn’t observe any serious side effects at any age. 

Volunteers got two doses, but some cases the first dose was only half strength.  An initial half-strength dose led to 90% efficacy, while two standard-dose shots led only to 62%?  What???  Excuse me???   Researchers speculated the lower first dose did a better job mimicking the experience of an infection, while promoting a stronger immune response.  It became clear the low dose version was the result of a mistake in how the vaccines were measured out and the low dose was only tried on volunteers under 55, raising more questions about how strong the preliminary results were.

The United States awarded the project $1.2 billion in support for 300 million doses. August the European Union reached an agreement for AstraZeneca to deliver 400 million doses if the trials yield positive results. The company has said their total annual manufacturing capacity for the vaccine, if approved, stands at two billion doses.

Phase 2

• ZYDUS.  The Indian vaccine-maker began testing a DNA-based vaccine delivered by a skin patch. They launched a Phase 2 trial on Aug. 6 and are planning a Phase 3 trial to begin in December.
• CUREVAC.   In March, the Trump administration tried to entice CureVac to move its research on an mRNA vaccine from Germany to the United States.  The company declined and moved ahead finding promising responses in mice.  July, they launched a Phase 1 clinical trial, in September started a Phase 2 study and expecting to follow with a Phase 3 trial by the end of 2020.  They announced a preliminary study of volunteers revealing an encouraging response from the immune system Nov. 2nd. 

CureVac has collaborated with Elon Musk’s company Tesla on creating mRNA “micro-factories,” which could potentially be deployed around the world to make billions of doses of the vaccine.  November, CureVac negotiated a deal to provide the European Union up to 225 million doses of vaccine, projecting they could manufacture up to 300 million doses in 2021 and 600 million doses the following year.   Nov. 12, the company announced its vaccine could be kept refrigerated at 41 degrees. 

• INOVIO.   An American company has developed DNA-based vaccines delivered into the skin with electric pulses from a hand-held device.  They have vaccines in clinical trials for a number of diseases and in June announced interim data from a Phase 1 trial on Covid-19, finding no serious adverse effects and measured an immune response in 34 out of 36 volunteers.   Inovio has yet to publish detailed results of these studies, probably because it is embroiled in several lawsuits with stockholders and a company partner.  Sept. 28, the F.D.A. put the vaccine on a partial hold due to questions about the delivery device.  Nov. 16, Inovio indicated the F.D.A. had given permission to move forward with Phase 2 and 3 trials.

Is Herd Immunity Still A Thought??   A vaccine for the COVID-19 virus would be ideal, creating immunity without causing illness or resulting complications.  This concept has been successful in controlling deadly contagious diseases such as smallpox, polio, diphtheria, rubella and many others.

But herd immunity through vaccination sometimes has drawbacks.  Vaccination protections wane over time, requiring a dreaded re-vaccination, which some people will not complete.  Others may object to vaccines for religious reasons, fears about the possible risks or skepticism about the benefits.  If the proportion of vaccinated people in a community falls below the herd immunity threshold, exposure to contagions could result in a disease quickly spreading, hence the resurgence of Measles in parts of the world with relatively low vaccination rates - including the United States!   Opposition to vaccinations can pose a real challenge to herd immunity.

Even if infection with the COVID-19 virus creates long-lasting immunity, a large number of the population would have to become infected to reach the herd immunity threshold.  Experts estimate that 70%, 200 million people or more of the 331 million, of the U.S. population would have to recover from COVID-19 to halt the epidemic - 200 million of 331 million!  Seriously!!  That astounding number of the sick with COVID-19 all at once would overwhelm the health care system - and they are already exhausted and being depleted by infection!

WHAT CAN WE DO UNTIL THE VACCINES ARE AVAILABLE??   There's no vaccine against the coronavirus, yet!   However, we repeat, you can take basic precautions to reduce your family's risk of getting this and other illnesses by:

• The CDC recommends  wearing non-surgical cloth face coverings when in public spaces, such as supermarkets, if it's difficult to maintain social distancing measures.  Face coverings should not be worn by children under 2 years old or anyone not capable of removing them on their own.
• Travel increases the chance of getting and/or spreading COVID-19.  Sheltering in place is the best way to protect yourself and others.  The State Department advises U.S. citizens to avoid all nonessential travel.
• Getting recommended vaccines on schedule, including an annual flu shot
• Avoiding close contact with sick people and staying home when sick
• Not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands
• Coughing and sneezing into a tissue, and throwing the tissue in the trash

Stay safe.  Mask.  Social distance.  Frequent hand washing.  Avoid crowds.

ALWAYS CONSULT YOUR PERSONAL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL

• https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
• https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries
• https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/l-county-coronavirus-public-health-234011599.html
• https://sports.yahoo.com/report-mark-andrews-matthew-judon-142408489.html
• https://finance.yahoo.com/news/astra-preps-trial-victoria-no-232014416.html
• https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/us-records-more-than-4m-coronavirus-cases-in-november
• https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/11/25/covid-news-new-mexico-stimulus-pfizer-vaccine-thanksgiving/6414044002/
• https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/obama-team-left-pandemic-playbook-for-trump-administration-officials-confirm
• https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/worldwide-graphs/
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/herd-immunity-and-coronavirus/art-20486808
• https://www.babycenter.com/0_coronavirus-update-covid-19-infections-in-children-less-seve_40006924.bc
• https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html
• https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s